Average rate of natural population growth (decline), 2011-2019, ‰. Source: Compiled by the author based on Rosstat data.

 
 
  Part of: Mokrensky DN (2022) Comparing intraregional trends of demographic development in the Russian Near North (on the example of Arkhangelsk, Vologda, and Kostroma Oblasts). Population and Economics 6(1): 109-122. https://doi.org/10.3897/popecon.5.e79253